Control Blood Pressure with Simple Methods

Control Blood Pressure with Simple Methods   The World Health Organization's statistics show that there are 1 billion people with high blood pressure, making it a major cause of premature deaths worldwide. In Thailand, the rate of illness and hospitalizations has been continuously increasing. Alarmingly, 60% of men and 40% of women with the condition have never been diagnosed before, as they are unaware of their condition due to the absence of clear symptoms in the early stages, but have chronic high blood pressure.   Normal blood pressure values are considered to be less than 120 mmHg for the upper (systolic) and less than 80 mmHg for the lower (diastolic) values. If these values are continuously elevated without treatment, the high pressure in blood vessels can damage vessel walls and vital organs throughout the body, causing arteries to harden, slowing blood circulation and oxygen delivery to the heart. This can lead to heart failure, blocked or ruptured brain arteries, causing disability or paralysis. Furthermore, it can also cause kidney failure or end-stage renal disease.   This condition can be controlled and prevented by maintaining normal blood pressure levels through reducing the consumption of high-salt foods, which is a significant risk factor. Processed foods, ready-to-eat meals, pickled and canned foods, and junk food, which are high in sodium, should be limited, such as chips, burgers, fried chicken, and sausages.   Reduce high-fat and high-sugar foods, increase low-sugar fruits, reduce alcoholic beverages, and quit smoking. Avoid stress and incorporate physical activities into your daily life, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator, walking to the market, doing housework, etc.   Regular screening is essential, and health check-ups should be conducted at least once a year. For those already diagnosed with the condition, it is important to take medications consistently, see a doctor regularly, monitor blood pressure routinely, and keep a record of daily activities to lead a normal life.   Best wishes from Vibhavadi Hospital.

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3 Things to Consider Before Buying Your Next Ready-to-eat Nowadays, most people rely on packaged or ready-to-eat meals for convenience, often without considering safety aspects, especially the dangers posed by disease-causing organisms and various chemicals that may contaminate the food. Therefore, when choosing food to consume, one should pay more attention and follow the following principle: 1. Nutrition - Choose fresh food with good nutritional value. 2. Food safety - Choose clean and safe food from reliable sources, free from contamination, and not at risk of causing illness or toxicity. 3. Value for money - Choose local, seasonal food, as it is usually healthy and affordable.   Additionally, one should observe the food's appearance, checking for changes such as gas bubbles or color alterations. If possible, smell the food for any unusual odors, such as a sour or rotten smell, and avoid purchasing it if these are present.   Choose food from clean, safe eateries and street food vendors, who store well-cooked food and fresh vegetables in clean containers. Cooked food should be heated periodically to kill any harmful organisms. Avoid mixing cooked and raw food, and use seasonings with a registered food recipe number (FDA). Store these in clean, covered glass or white glazed containers.   Drinking water and beverages should be stored in sealed containers, while clean dishes should be stored in an organized manner.   Cooks, sellers, and servers should wear clean clothing and avoid using their hands to handle food directly. Before choosing food, observe the Clean Food Good Taste symbol on the packaging. Importantly, follow the principles of eating hot food, using a serving spoon, washing hands, and consuming freshly cooked food. If dealing with leftover food, store it in a refrigerator and reheat it thoroughly before consumption.   Written by Dr. Danai Tiwanond, Deputy Director-General of the Department of Health Siam Rath Newspaper

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"Food Poisoning": Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention with 10 Key Rules

"Food Poisoning": Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention with 10 Key Rules By Dr. Duangporn Chokmongkolkij, Gastroenterologist   Causes Food poisoning occurs from consuming contaminated food or water or from chemical contamination. It often results from eating undercooked seafood or food contaminated with seafood or rinsed with contaminated seawater.   Symptoms The disease is characterized by watery diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps. Sometimes, nausea, vomiting, chills, and headaches may occur. In some cases, symptoms may resemble dysentery with bloody or mucousy diarrhea, high fever, and an elevated white blood cell count in blood tests.   Severity The disease is not often severe enough to cause death, except in cases of severe dehydration, infection in other body systems, and fatalities are very rare.   Duration The disease usually lasts 1-7 days.   Incubation Period Typically, the incubation period ranges from 12-24 hours or 4-30 hours.   Transmission Transmission occurs from consuming food stored at room temperature after cooking, which allows the pathogens to multiply. Outbreaks involving vomiting are common.   Most cases involve rice (e.g., fried rice from self-service restaurants), vegetables, and meat that have been improperly stored after cooking.   Treatment Treatment is symptomatic, including oral rehydration with electrolytes and sugar. Intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary for patients in shock. In cases of intestinal gangrene, antibiotics should be administered for 14 days, and surgery considered when otherwise indicated.   Prevention Prevent food poisoning by following these 10 key rules for safe food preparation as follow:   Choose well-prepared food. Cook food thoroughly. Eat freshly cooked food. Be careful with cooked food to avoid contamination. Reheat leftover food before consumption. Separate raw and cooked food to avoid cross-contamination. Wash hands before handling food and eating. Maintain cleanliness in the kitchen. Store food safely away from insects, rodents, and other animals. Use clean water.

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Food for Summer Season

Food for Summer Season   In our country, the weather is hot throughout the year, especially between March and June. Along with the summer season comes the risk of unsafe food consumption, as food can spoil easily, putting us at risk for food poisoning. This can affect our daily lives. Try using these food selection and preparation tips to reduce this risk.   Preparation of food to reduce risk Choose fresh, clean food without any cracks or bruises. Wash and clean food with clean water every time. Cook food at high temperatures and for a sufficient amount of time to ensure its safety. Choose clean cooking utensils, especially cutting boards used for cutting animal meats, which should always be kept clean. Avoid touching cooked or ready-to-eat food as much as possible. Prepare food as close to the time of consumption as possible. Store food that needs refrigeration in the fridge as quickly as possible, and avoid leaving it out. Keep food away from the danger temperature zone, which is between 5-60°C (41-140°F), so do not leave food out at room temperature. Avoid storing cooked and raw food together, as it can lead to contamination. Do not take food out of the fridge for more than 20 minutes before preparing it.   Food Selection Tips To reduce the risk of food causing adverse effects on the body, such as stomachaches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can be mild or severe depending on the type and amount of microorganisms causing the illness. We can detect and avoid spoiled food, but some food may still appear unchanged in color, smell, taste, and appearance, even though it contains enough microorganisms to harm our health.   To reduce the risk of food poisoning, especially during the hot season when the risk is relatively high, follow these food selection guidelines as follow: Consume freshly cooked food and avoid food that has been prepared for a long time. Choose food that has been thoroughly heated, such as curries, clear soups, and spicy soups. Avoid partially cooked or lightly heated food, such as parboiled oysters. Avoid food that has been touched after cooking, such as larb, spicy salads, and mixed salads. Know which types of food spoil easily. Spicy food with many spices, like spicy curries and stir-fries, spoil more quickly than mild-tasting food, especially those containing animal meats and coconut milk. Do not leave ready-to-eat food out for long periods. If not consumed immediately, store it in the fridge. Reheat ready-to-eat food before consuming it. Do not store leftover ready-to-eat food for too long, as it can spoil easily. If you want to store it, reheat it once more before storing it in the fridge. Every time you eat, especially when dining out, choose freshly cooked food and pay attention to the cleanliness of the food, utensils, and the environment. Don't forget to maintain personal hygiene to avoid food poisoning. This summer, you won't have to worry about health issues.   Best wishes from the Nutrition Department, Vibhavadi Hospital

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Driving Safely in the Rainy Season

Driving Safely in the Rainy Season   Check the condition of your car thoroughly before traveling. Inspect the brakes, steering wheel, fluid levels, tire pressure, and defrost system to ensure they are in good working condition for a trip that may encounter heavy rain. Prepare quality emergency equipment. Being prepared for unexpected situations in advance can help reduce costs from using emergency services and minimize stress if your car breaks down during the trip. Basic emergency equipment should include a spare tire, flashlight, fuses, air pump, clean water, basic first aid supplies, and a highly visible distress sign. Check the windshield wipers to ensure they are in good condition and ready to use. If the wiper blades are worn or damaged, replace them immediately to maintain clear visibility while driving in the rain. Drive cautiously! Pay attention while driving and maintain a safe and appropriate speed at all times. Driving at high speeds is especially dangerous during the rainy season, as rainwater can form a thin layer of water between the tires and the road, reducing traction and making it more difficult to control the car. Turn on your headlights while driving in the rain. Always turn on your headlights when driving in the rain, as this not only helps you see objects on the road more clearly but also allows other drivers to see your vehicle from a distance. Avoid sudden or hard braking. Gradually apply the brakes to slow down as this is the most appropriate driving technique. If you brake harshly, your car may skid. Drive with awareness and maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front. Wet roads require more time and distance to brake in case of an emergency. Driving cautiously and avoiding following large vehicles or trucks too closely will increase safety, as the rear wheels of large vehicles often splash water onto vehicles behind, potentially impairing visibility. Avoid deep puddles. Drivers cannot know the condition of the road beneath the water surface. If you drive into a deep puddle at high speed, your vehicle's front bumper and radiator may be severely damaged, or water splashing into the engine compartment may cause the engine to stall. Be alert to warning signs or obstacles on the road. If you see flooded roads ahead, avoid driving through them, especially in unfamiliar areas. Look for safer alternative routes. Drive slowly through flooded areas. If you must drive through standing water on the road, proceed slowly. Do not drive through flowing water or if you do not know the depth of the puddle. Stop before reaching the flooded area and check the water depth. Generally, if the water level is higher than the door edge or higher than one-third of the wheel when measured from the road surface, do not drive through. When your car gets stuck in a pothole, shift to first or second gear and accelerate slowly. Do not rev the engine too much, as it will cause the wheels to spin freely, making the car sink deeper into the hole. Sudden downshifting during heavy rain can be very dangerous. On wet roads, rapid gear changes can impact wheel and tire speed, potentially causing the car to skid and lose control, increasing the risk of accidents. Drivers should exercise extra caution when downshifting on slippery roads, particularly when driving uphill on slopes.   Best wishes from Vibhavadi Hospital. Source: ASTV

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Cancer Prevention Eating Tips

Cancer Prevention Eating Tips   Eat a variety of colorful vegetables every day. The colors of vegetables not only make them visually appealing but also indicate the presence of various types and amounts of phytonutrients. Thus, consuming a diverse range of vegetables or including all five colors can be highly beneficial for your health. Red substances, such as tomatoes, contain an antioxidant called "lycopene" which helps reduce the risk of prostate, stomach, and lung cancer. Yellow/orange substances, such as pumpkin and carrots, contain the antioxidant "carotenoid" and are rich in vitamins that help combat free radicals in the body. Green substances, such as kale and broccoli, are rich in vitamin C, as well as morning glory, Chinese cabbage, and ivy gourd, which contain vitamin A. Purple substances, such as purple cabbage and purple eggplant, contain anthocyanins that help inhibit cancer-causing substances. White substances, such as Chinese cabbage, white eggplant, and cauliflower, especially cauliflower sprouts, are high in beta-carotene, which has properties to eliminate free radicals. Regularly consume vegetables and fruits. Fruits contain various vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to the body, as well as dietary fiber that aids digestion and promotes regular bowel movements. For example, oranges, pineapples, and mangoes contain both vitamin C and antioxidants that help reduce the risk of cancer, as do melons with vitamins A, B, and C, which support normal bowel function and cancer prevention. Incorporate whole grains and fiber into your meals. Whole grains are those that have not been refined or minimally refined, such as brown rice, wheat, corn, and barley. These grains are high in nutritional value, such as vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, dietary fiber, and various antioxidants. Dietary fiber in whole grains plays a crucial role in eliminating toxins attached to the intestinal walls, thereby reducing the risk of gastrointestinal cancers and colon cancer. Use spices to enhance the flavor of food. Spices refer to various plant parts used as food seasoning or for fragrance, which also have properties that reduce cancer risk. Increase antioxidant intake by drinking natural beverages derived from various plant parts, such as green tea, which is rich in EGCG, a substance that helps reduce the risk of cancer cells. Cook food properly, such as avoiding overcooking or charring animal meats, not consuming undercooked food, and not using oil to fry food multiple times. Reduce consumption of red meat, as it is high in saturated fat, which increases the risk of colon cancer, breast cancer, and obesity. Reduce the intake of salt and sodium-rich pickled foods, such as salted meat, salted fish, and pickled fruits. Sodium plays a crucial role in various body processes, but excessive amounts can be harmful. Avoid fatty foods, especially those containing saturated fats found in animal meats and certain plant oils, such as butter, animal fat, coconut milk, coconut oil, and palm oil.   Best wishes from Vibhavadi Hospital Source: AMnews newsletter, July 2016.

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What Kind of Headache is a Migraine and How to Treat It

What Kind of Headache is a Migraine and How to Treat It   Migraine is a type of headache characterized by significant symptoms, including throbbing pain in the temples, affecting either one or both sides of the head. The pain typically comes and goes, with varying levels of intensity.   The severity of the pain can range from moderate to severe, and each episode usually lasts between 4-7 hours. The pain can worsen or become more severe due to stress, hot weather, bright lights, or lack of sleep.   During a migraine attack, additional symptoms may be present, such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and sensitivity to light or sound. As a result, most migraine sufferers prefer to be in a dark and quiet room, which can help alleviate the pain.   There are two common types of migraines   Classic Migraine: Symptoms usually appear during adolescence, and as the person gets older, the headaches may decrease in intensity until they eventually disappear. Some patients may experience prodromal symptoms, such as seeing flashing lights, having difficulty seeing, or experiencing numbness on one side of the body. This type is referred to as a classic migraine. Common Migraine: Symptoms usually manifest in the forehead, around the eyes, in the temples, and sometimes in the jaw. The pain often affects one side of the head but typically does not include prodromal symptoms. This type is known as a common migraine.   Migraines are a chronic condition that cannot be completely cured. However, with proper understanding and following recommended guidelines, the condition can be managed effectively.   Causes of Migraines Migraines are caused by inflammation of blood vessels and nerves surrounding the brain. The nervous system of migraine patients is more sensitive to changes in the body and environment than those who do not suffer from the condition. The nervous system responds rapidly to changes, leading to inflammation and subsequently severe pain.   Triggering factors   • Food: Irregular meal times, consuming alcoholic beverages, and consuming foods with added flavor enhancers or preservatives can trigger headaches.   • Sleep: Getting too much or too little sleep can trigger migraines and muscle pain.   • Hormones: Many women who suffer from migraines may experience migraines during menstruation or during the first three months of pregnancy. Some hormone-based birth control methods may intensify the severity or duration of migraines.   • Environment: Factors such as temperature changes (extreme heat or cold), prolonged exposure to sunlight, or exposure to certain smells can cause headaches. Examples of these smells include perfume, cigarette smoke, or prolonged exposure to a computer screen.   • Stress: People who are stressed may experience more frequent and severe migraines than those who are not stressed.   Symptoms   The first type of migraine is characterized by throbbing pain around the temples or deep pain around the eye socket, similar to a heartbeat. The pain is typically moderate to severe, which is a distinguishing feature of migraines. If the pain is only mildly uncomfortable, the likelihood of a migraine is lower.   Additionally, when a migraine subsides, the pain usually disappears completely. During an episode, the pain may last for 2-3 days, according to some theories. However, in general, the pain may last for just 2-3 hours or up to 4 hours.   Moreover, some patients may experience nausea, seeing flashing yellow lights, or jagged lines before a migraine episode. These are called prodromal symptoms, although not every patient experiences them.   Migraine Symptoms Checklist Must have had at least 5 headache episodes Headache duration of 4-72 hours The headache must have at least 2 of the following characteristics: One-sided pain and throbbing sensation Pain severe enough to interfere with daily activities Movement or climbing stairs makes the pain worse During a headache, must have at least one of the following symptoms: Nausea or vomiting Sensitivity to light or loud sounds   Is one-sided headache always a migraine? In reality, a one-sided headache is not necessarily indicative of a migraine. It could be due to a tumor, muscle strain, a slipped disc, or trauma. Approximately half of migraine patients experience one-sided headaches, while the other half may experience pain on both sides.   Risk groups Migraines are less common among the elderly and are more common among teenagers and young adults. Migraines can occur in children as young as 7-8 years old, but the most common age group is between 10-25 years old. Women are more likely to suffer from migraines than men. As individuals age, the frequency of migraines tends to decrease. This may be related to hormone fluctuations, especially in women who may find relief from migraines after menopause.   Diagnosis The diagnosis of migraines relies heavily on medical history and physical examination. This includes the characteristics of the pain, its location, severity, frequency, duration, and any accompanying symptoms. Personal medical history and medication use are also considered. Laboratory tests or X-rays may be used to rule out other conditions, such as headaches caused by muscle tension, stress, infections in the brain lining, pituitary gland disorders, or tumors.   Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q: I have severe headaches that cause vomiting. When the pain goes away, it disappears completely. In a week, I experience this for up to 5 days. Is this considered a migraine?   A: You should consult a specialist to determine whether your symptoms are indeed migraines. Based on your description, the chances of it being a migraine are relatively high. The frequency of occurrence is also quite high since migraines should typically occur 2-3 times per month. If you have frequent migraines, you may need to take preventive medications, while pain-relief medications can be taken for less frequent occurrences.   Q: Is there any harm in taking medication regularly to treat symptoms?   A: Migraine medications are divided into two groups: preventive and pain-relief. A doctor should consider the specific case before prescribing medication, and the patient's response should be monitored after taking it. Widespread use of Cafergot can cause side effects, especially in individuals over 40 years old, as it may constrict heart blood vessels. In some cases, paracetamol or aspirin may be sufficient to help without needing this type of medication.   Q: How should symptoms be assessed in children? A: If a child has a headache, the first thing to check is their eyesight. The problem may also be related to issues with friends, a recent school transfer, or a new environment, which may cause stress unknowingly. These factors could potentially lead to headaches. However, migraines can also be found in children as young as 7-8 years old. Observe if the pain is severe and may even cause vomiting, but when the pain subsides, it disappears completely.   Best wishes from Vibhavadi Hospital.

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Diseases in Children

Diseases in Children   These refer to diseases commonly found in infants and young children. Common symptoms of childhood diseases include fever, which occurs when a child's body temperature rises above normal. You can tell if a child has a fever by touching their forehead with the back of your hand. If you want to be certain, you should measure their temperature with a thermometer, which can be done orally or rectally.   Major causes of fever in children Infections, such as the common cold, tonsillitis, middle ear infection, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Dehydration due to inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss from the body, such as diarrhea. Poor body heat regulation, such as wearing thick clothes or being wrapped in heavy blankets, which restrict air circulation. Brain-related diseases, such as brain malformation, cerebral hemorrhage, drug allergies, chemical poisoning, and seizures. In seizures, children may experience mild or intense muscle contractions, fixed and dilated pupils, biting their teeth or tongue. The causes of seizures may include birth injuries, congenital abnormalities, nervous system infections, certain medications, or maternal drug abuse. Febrile seizures are common in young children with high fever. Epilepsy, resulting from abnormal brain cell function, may manifest as whole-body convulsions, partial convulsions, or twitching. Important infectious brain diseases include meningitis. Coughing is a common symptom in both children and adults. In children, coughing is often caused by respiratory infections, such as the flu, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Whooping cough is a severe coughing disease that can affect children as young as 1 month old. This disease can be prevented by vaccination. Asthma can occur in children younger than 1 year and causes chronic coughing, often accompanied by mucus, especially at night, in cold weather, or during weather changes. Shortness of breath is characterized by difficulty breathing and wheezing, resulting from respiratory system diseases or infections, or inflammation of the throat. Jaundice, or neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, results from diseases or abnormalities involving bilirubin, difficult childbirth, certain hereditary red blood cell disorders, or certain medications, such as steroids. Infections from the mother's womb can also cause jaundice.   Common Infectious Diseases in Children Diphtheria is characterized by fever, sore throat, and difficulty breathing, which can be life-threatening. It can also endanger heart muscles, causing abnormal heartbeats and affecting nerves. Diphtheria can be prevented by vaccination starting at the age of 2-3 months.   Whooping cough, a contagious respiratory disease, causes a runny nose and excessive coughing. Complications of whooping cough include pneumonia and ear infections. Vaccination can prevent whooping cough and should be administered starting at the age of 2-3 months.   Tetanus results from a wound infection that releases toxins, causing muscle stiffness, difficulty opening the mouth, facial muscle spasms, and seizures due to prolonged muscle contractions that can lead to respiratory failure and death. Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination, often administered in conjunction with diphtheria and whooping cough vaccines, starting in infancy. Neonatal tetanus usually occurs from cutting the umbilical cord with unsterilized instruments.   Poliomyelitis (polio) presents symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, body aches, and dry throat, eventually leading to paralysis. The virus enters the body through the mouth and can be found in contaminated food or water. The best prevention for polio is the polio vaccine.   Measles, a contagious disease caused by a virus, spreads through respiratory transmission and causes fever, runny nose, cough, and red throat. German measles can affect both children and adults, with symptoms including a rash on the body, neck, arms, and legs, low fever, and slow growth in young children. In newborns infected with German measles in utero, potential outcomes include low birth weight, congenital heart defects, deafness, and other abnormalities.   Chickenpox is caused by a virus, leading to the appearance of a rash and clear blisters on the skin, accompanied by coughing or sneezing.   Tuberculosis affects the lungs, lymph nodes, meninges, intestines, bones, joints, liver, kidneys, skin, and heart lining. Prevention includes the BCG vaccine and avoiding exposure to the bacteria.   Dengue fever is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes mosquito during the daytime. Symptoms include high fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. If not treated properly, the disease can be fatal. Prevention involves avoiding mosquito bites, eliminating breeding grounds, and covering water containers.   These childhood diseases can be prevented through vaccinations and by closely monitoring children's symptoms and seeking medical attention when necessary.   With best wishes from the Department of Pediatrics, Viphavadi Hospital.

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Diseases That Come with Hands

Diseases That Come with Hands Apart from the "brain," the "hand" is considered an organ that elevates humans above other living beings on this planet. Humans use their brains to invent various things while using their hands to create and perform tasks that other animals cannot. We use our hands to touch various objects, from the moment we wake up in the morning, washing our face, brushing our teeth, taking a shower, touching others, and even picking up food to eat, scratching our nose, and rubbing our eyes. As a result, hands can also introduce disease-causing pathogens into our bodies. If someone is infected, these hands can spread the infection to others through direct contact or even indirect contact via an intermediary. Commonly overlooked intermediaries include doorknobs, bus handrails, and escalator handrails. Pathogens on Hands There are generally two types of small living organisms found on people's hands: those that are normally present, which can include up to dozens of different types, even if the hands appear clean and unsoiled, and those that are transient, acquired through contact and loosely attached to the skin, easily washed off. The first group generally does not cause disease unless these pathogens are introduced into the bloodstream or internal organs, such as during medical procedures, when inserting an intravenous saline line directly into a blood vessel, which may be contaminated with skin-borne pathogens and lead to bloodstream infections. The latter group may include pathogens that cause various communicable diseases, some of which can be life-threatening.   Infections Spread Through Hands Many infectious diseases can be transmitted through contact. Some examples of common diseases include:   Respiratory infections, such as colds, tuberculosis, influenza, measles, and German measles. In addition to being transmitted through breathing in pathogens, hands can also come into contact with objects or appliances shared with others, or public facilities such as doorknobs, bus handrails, or escalator rails. Then, when touching the nose, pathogens enter the nasal cavity and can cause disease when inhaled. Gastrointestinal infections, such as diarrhea, hepatitis A, cholera, dysentery, and various parasitic diseases, can be transmitted when contaminated hands touch food that is then consumed. Direct contact infections, such as conjunctivitis, fungal infections, skin abscesses, warts, and impetigo. Multimodal infections, such as chickenpox, can be transmitted through both breathing and contact.   These infectious diseases are common and sometimes can lead to severe complications.   Treatment guidelines A simple, low-cost, and highly effective method to control and prevent hand-transmitted infections is "handwashing." Medical research dating back more than 150 years has found that handwashing by healthcare workers can reduce the rate of infections in hospitals by 2.4 and 5 times. In addition, frequent handwashing in patients with conjunctivitis (red eye) can prevent the spread of the disease. Handwashing by food handlers also prevents the spread of foodborne infections. However, the problem is that the general public often overlooks and disregards this practice, because the pathogens mentioned above are tiny, invisible to the naked eye. In addition to not touching the nose and eyes frequently, regular handwashing is of utmost importance.   Proper Handwashing Technique Proper handwashing must clean the entire hand, following these 6 steps: Rub the palms together. Rub the back of each hand with the opposite palm. Interlace fingers and rub palms together. Rub the back of fingers with the opposite palm, alternating both hands. Clean both thumbs by rubbing them with the opposite palm. Rub the fingertips against the opposite palm, alternating both hands. This entire process should take approximately 15-30 seconds (at least 10 seconds). Additionally, hands should be washed under running water from a faucet and dried with a clean cloth or paper towel, or dried using an air dryer after washing.   Handwashing does not necessarily require the use of an antimicrobial agent; soap and clean water used in the proper manner can significantly reduce the risk of infection.   When Should We Wash Our Hands? Hands should be washed in various situations, such as: after completing activities that dirty the hands, e.g., working, lifting objects, gardening, sweeping, or cleaning the bathroom; before preparing or eating food; before washing the face, brushing teeth, or using the toilet; before touching the nose, mouth, or eyes; before and after coming into contact with a patient (including when you are the patient), especially after blowing the nose, coughing, or sneezing; before interacting with children, and after returning home from work.   Frequent handwashing should become a habit, as touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, or handling food can transfer pathogens on the hands into the body. Furthermore, caring for children, hugging, or feeding them can also transmit diseases to them.   Promote Handwashing Although many infectious diseases can spread easily through contact, handwashing is a simple way to prevent their transmission. However, the general public may overlook this practice and neglect their responsibilities. The continuous spread of contagious diseases, such as conjunctivitis, highlights the importance of promoting handwashing. This campaign should start at the individual and family levels. Adults washing their hands as an example for children can instill good habits in the younger generation, which will benefit the nation in the future.   Although educating the public can increase awareness about health responsibilities, maintaining proper health behaviors and practices requires serious and ongoing collective effort.   "Isn't it time to invest a little of your valuable time to wash your hands thoroughly for your own health, the health of your children, and the well-being of the community at large?"   Reference 1. Edmond MB, Wenzel RP. Isolation. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Living Stone; 2000:2991-2995. 2. Pinney E. Hand washing. Br J Perioper Nurs 2000; 10:328-331. 3. Herceg RJ, Peterson LR. Normal flora in health and disease. In Shulman ST, Phair JP, Peterson LR, Warren JR (eds). The Bilogic and Clinical Basis of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1997:5-14. 4. Handwashing Liaison Group. Hand washing: A modest measure-with big effects. BMJ 1999; 318:686. 5. Wendt C. Hand hygiene--comparison of international recommendations. J Hosp Infect 2001; 48 Suppl A:S23-S28. 6. Horton JC. Disorders of the eye. In Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL (eds). Harrison's Principles of Medicine. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001:164-178. 7. Begue RE, Gastanaduy AS. Clinical Microbiology : Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses. In Armstrong D, Cohen J (eds). Infectious Diseases. London: Harcourt Publishers; 1999:8.1.1-8.1.10. 8. Ayliffe GA, Babb JR, Quoraishi AH. A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection. J Clin Pathol 1978; 31:923-928.   Best wishes from Vibhavadi Hospital Source: Thaiclinic.com

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Cysts

Cysts   Cysts are a type of skin growth characterized by a sac-like structure containing fat, dead skin cells, hair, sweat glands, or other bodily secretions. These contents are housed within a cyst wall, which is composed of skin components such as hair follicles, fat gland ducts, or sweat gland ducts. Cysts can form as a result of blockage in these ducts, or from skin cells embedding themselves into the dermis layer after skin injury or during fetal development. Cysts formed due to the latter mechanism are present from birth.   There are several types of cysts, each with distinct characteristics based on their location and composition. Some cysts with walls similar to skin include Epidermal Cyst, Milium, Steatocystoma Multiplex, Vellus Hair Cyst, and Dermoid Cyst. Cysts that form from sweat gland ducts are classified as Apocrine and Eccrine Hidrocystoma.   Epidermal Cyst The most common type of cyst, arising from hair follicle components in the skin. It contains keratin, a substance similar to nail clippings, within the cyst. These cysts can vary in size, have a round shape, and are the same color as the surrounding skin. They are attached to the skin surface but not the underlying tissues and may have an opening on the skin where they are attached. When the skin is stretched, a bump can be seen on the cyst, and white, paste-like contents may be squeezed out. However, this method should not be used for diagnosis, as it can cause inflammation, pain, and swelling. Epidermal Cysts can be found in individuals of any age, gender, or body part, but they are most commonly found on the face, neck, chest, and upper back.   Milium Also known as "milk spots," these cysts have walls and components similar to Epidermal Cysts but are smaller in size. They appear as small, hard, white bumps resembling pimples, located just beneath the skin surface with a diameter of about 1-2 mm. These cysts can occur at any age, from newborns to the elderly, and affect both males and females equally. They can be found all over the body but are most common on the face, particularly on the nose in newborns and around the eyes and cheeks in children. Additionally, Milium often occurs in areas where the skin has been damaged previously, such as in regions with peeling skin, after facial scrubs, following radiation or sunburn exposure, or after certain skin diseases that cause clear fluid-filled blisters. It can also develop in areas treated with long-term topical steroid use. In most cases, milk spots may appear as the skin heals from various types of damage.   Steatocystoma Multiplex This is a cyst that occurs in the sebaceous duct. The cyst wall is similar to that of an epidermal cyst, but the substance within the cyst is not keratin but fat produced by the sebaceous gland. This type of cyst is often found in teenagers and adults, both male and female. They appear as small bumps under the skin, varying in size but usually not exceeding 5 mm, and can be found on any part of the body. However, they are most commonly found on the chest, upper arms, and thighs. If the cyst is shallow, it appears as a yellowish bump; if it is deep, it appears as a bump the same color as the skin. A notable feature of this type of cyst is that when punctured, a yellow, butter-like oil flows out. These cysts often appear as multiple bumps at once.   Vellus Hair Cyst This is a small cyst with a wall and contents similar to those of an epidermal cyst and steatocystoma multiplex. However, it also contains small vellus hairs. This makes the cyst appear as a dark bump. These cysts often appear as multiple bumps throughout the body.   Dermoid Cyst This is a rare type of cyst, usually present from birth or during childhood. It is the cyst with the most skin-like composition. The cyst wall contains skin cells, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. The cyst appears as a round lump under the skin, about 1-4 cm in size, and may have hair protruding from it. Common locations for these cysts include the tail of the eyebrow, the nose, and the scalp. If the cyst is located in the midline of the body, such as the nose and the occipital region, it may have an opening connected to the brain.   Since the cyst wall consists of skin cells, there is a chance it can become cancerous, just like regular skin. However, the incidence of cancer from these cysts is very low, so there is no need to be overly worried. Complications from these cysts are usually due to inflammation and secondary infection, which often occurs when the cyst ruptures from being punctured or squeezed, or when it is in a position that experiences frequent friction. This causes the contents of the cyst to leak out and stimulate an inflammatory response in the body, allowing bacteria on the skin to penetrate and grow within the cyst, causing it to enlarge, become red, and painful. For dermoid cysts, in addition to the risk of inflammation and infection similar to other types of cysts, if the cyst has an opening connected to the brain, an infection in the cyst may spread to the brain, causing an abscess. Therefore, regardless of the type of cyst, one should avoid puncturing, scratching, or frequently touching the cyst, as this can lead to infection without realizing it.   Treatment Since cysts have a low chance of becoming cancerous, there is no need to surgically remove them. However, cysts should be removed in cases where they are frequently inflamed or infected, or if they are in a location prone to friction. For small and superficial cysts, such as milia, treatment may involve puncturing and using a pimple extractor to remove the contents of the cyst. Other types of cysts can be treated by surgically removing the cyst mass. In the case of steatocystoma, since the contents of the cyst are oily, treatment may involve using a needle to drain the oil and peeling off the cyst wall. If a cyst is inflamed and infected, it needs to be treated with antibiotics along with incision and drainage to remove the pus. For dermoid cysts that are in a position that may be connected to the brain, a thorough examination along with a computed tomography scan is necessary, and precautions should be taken to prevent complications.   Cysts should not be a major concern as the chances of turning into cancer are very low. No matter what type of cyst you have or if you are unsure whether it is a cyst, it is advisable to see a dermatologist for diagnosis and peace of mind. The most important thing to take care of is to avoid squeezing or puncturing the cyst yourself, as this can lead to infection and scarring.   Best wishes from Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Vibhavadi Hospital

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